ブログ

２　Ｌのストーリー　司法の精神医学

　「異邦人」（1942）は、アルベール・カミュ（1913-1960）が29歳のときに書いた小説である。17歳のときに肺結核の発作が起こる。肺結核のために大学教授資格試験も断念しており生涯の持病になる。主人公ムルソー（Meursault）は、1930年代の青年の喜びや苦しみを具現化した典型的な人物であり、人間とは何かという問題を分析するときの題材になる。　　　

　不条理は、筋道が通らないこと、道理に合わないことであり、道理は、正しい筋道、人の行うべき正しい道のことである。ムルソーは、不条理の光に照らしても、その光の及ばない固有の曖昧さを保っているとし、不条理に関しては、それに抗している。現実で具体的なもの、現在の欲望だけが重要であり、人間は無意味な存在で、無償であるという命題こそが出発点で積極性を内に秘めたムルソーがそこにいる。そこで「異邦人」の購読脳を「不条理と現実」にする。　　　

　キリストの処刑同様にムルソーの呟きは、無実の罪によるものと作者は考えており、この作者とは、ムルソーが法廷で視線を交わした一人の新聞記者（J’ai rencontré le regard du journaliste à la veste grise）である。

　ママンの死（maman est morte）とかアラビア人を殺す（J’avais abattu L’Arabe comme je le projetais）といった生死に関わるような体験は、心的外傷後ストレス障害（PTSD）の発症にもつながる。日本成人病予防協会（2014）によると、発症する要因には過去に精神疾患があったり、トラウマ（心の傷）があったり、身体的な消耗とか物事を深刻に受け止める傾向が強いかどうかが重要因子になる。二つの事件は、記憶に残りトラウマとなって何度も思い出すが、ムルソーの症状は、特別強いわけではない。第二次世界大戦中のフランスやスペインそして北アフリカには、こうした精神疾患の持ち主が多くいた。

　不安障害は、ストレスが原因で不安や心配が生じそれが解消できないと心身に様々な症状が出る。長い準備期間の後、症状発現のきっかけになる結実因子があって神経症が発症する。ムルソーの場合、几帳面で積極性を秘めた性格（un caractère taciturne et renfermé）、生死にまつわる環境（circonstances entourant le décès）、それに適応する能力（capacité d’adaptation）から生まれる結実因子をどこかで調節している。裁判長がフラン人民の名において広場で斬首刑を受けるといったにもかかわらず。（Le président m’a dit dans une forme bizarre que j’aurais la tete tranchée sur une place publique au nom du peuple francais.）それは、ムルソーに不条理に抗する力があるためである。世の中とは誠に不条理にできている。

　そこで執筆脳は、「秘めた積極性と抗力」にする。ムルソーは、嘘をつくことを拒絶する。（refus de mentir）存在し感じることのできる真理が好きだからである。積極性を内に秘めていればこそできる技である。小説そのものは、不条理に関し、それに抗して作られている。白井（2016）の仮説、法廷でムルソーと視線を交わした新聞記者とは、カミュの分身であろう。そこで、シナジーのメタファーは、「カミュと不条理に対する抵抗」にする。キリストの処刑同様にムルソーの呟きは、無実の罪によるものと作者は考えている。

花村嘉英（2020）「カミュの『異邦人』の執筆脳について」より

シナジーのメタファー3

１　先行研究　

　文学分析は、通常、読者による購読脳が問題になる。一方、シナジーのメタファーは、作家の執筆脳を研究するためのマクロに通じる分析方法である。基本のパターンは、まず縦が購読脳で横が執筆脳になるＬのイメージを作り、次に、各場面をＬに読みながらデータベースを作成し、全体を組の集合体にする。そして最後に、双方の脳の活動をマージするために、脳内の信号のパスを探す、若しくは、脳のエリアの機能を探す。これがミクロとマクロの中間にあるメゾのデータとなり、狭義の意味でシナジーのメタファーが作られる。この段階では、副専攻を増やすことが重要である。　
　執筆脳は、作者が自身で書いているという事実及び作者がメインで伝えようと思っていることに対する定番の読み及びそれに対する共生の読みと定義する。そのため、この小論では、トーマス・マン（1875－1955）、魯迅（1881－1936）、森鴎外（1862－1922）の私の著作を先行研究にする。また、これらの著作の中では、それぞれの作家の執筆脳として文体を取り上げ、とりわけ問題解決の場面を分析の対象にしている。さらに、マクロの分析について地球規模とフォーマットのシフトを意識してナディン・ゴーディマ（1923－2014）を加えると、“The Late Bourgeois World”執筆時の脳の活動が意欲と組になることを先行研究に入れておく。　
　筆者の持ち場が言語学のため、購読脳の分析の際に、何かしらの言語分析を試みている。例えば、トーマス・マンには構文分析があり、魯迅にはことばの比較がある。そのため、全集の分析に拘る文学の研究者とは、分析のストーリーに違いがある。文学の研究者であれば、全集の中から一つだけシナジーのメタファーのために作品を選び、その理由を述べればよい。なおＬのストーリーについては、人文と理系が交差するため、機械翻訳などで文体の違いを調節するトレーニングが推奨される。
　なお、メゾのデータを束ねて何やら予測が立てば、言語分析や翻訳そして資格に基づくミクロと医学も含めたリスクや観察の社会論からなるマクロとを合わせて、広義の意味でシナジーのメタファーが作られる。

花村嘉英（2020）「カミュの『異邦人』の執筆脳について」より　

シナジーのメタファー3

6　Summary

　 In future studies, I will raise the number of authors I examine. I will form an impression of north, south, east, and west or Olympic in consideration of the balance of global scale. If I could link not only different romans of an author but also different authors by compiling databases, the synergic metaphor could improve my analytical ability, because through it, I could see the unexpected thing. When I study literature at the macro level, the global scale and the shift of format become necessary and sufficient conditions.

Literature

Yoshihisa Hanamura How to make a synergic metaphor-Thomas Mann, Luxun, Ogai Mori, Nadine Gordimer and Yasushi Inoue (in Japanese). 2018
（Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より）

シナジーのメタファー3

5　Merits of synergic memory

　The research to study the writing brain of an author needs: 1, the L shaped narrative; 2, a database; 3, the evaluation; and 4, data handling. However, it is difficult to cover the analysis of a full roman. The first condition, therefore, is to select three out of the four requirements (1, 2, and 3 or 1, 2, or 4). One can then summarize the research of the brain of an author. I will encapsulate the merit of synergic metaphors as follows:

【Merit】
・ When one analyzes the writing brain of an author, the standard reading becomes very important.
・ One can view the creation of a database as the repeated reading of a roman, therefore a person can acquire the equivalent of a foreign language.
・ One can see the invisible thing through the database, therefore analytical objectivity increases.
・ If during one’s investigation, a researcher considers not only the first column but also the second one, the analysis becomes denser.
・ If the database of each author can be linked, the analysis is expected to become more advanced in its quality.
・ One can compute statistics by the data analysis.
・ When one can acquire a quantitative measure, the body of knowledge about the cognitive science of language and literature will increase.

　For example, in adapting a synergic metaphor to the acquisition of a foreign language, one inputs the original into the column A in sequence. When the record is complete, the researcher can paste figures into the columns pertaining to the interpreting mind and the writing brain by reading the original of each line. This can provide a conception of L other than the accepted understanding. A synergic metaphor can thus be seen as an instance of repeated reading.

Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3

　As I said in my discussing pertaining to Gordimer’s The Late Bourgeois World, the steering of the frontal cortex differs between men and women. Men like the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and they activate the left prefrontal cortex in the process. When they deal with language information, men tend to activate the anterior and posterior of the left hemisphere in the brain. Men’s white matter fiber bundle to combine the anterior and posterior of one cerebral hemisphere is relatively large, and the functional integrity is particularly noteworthy (please see table 3).
　The author lets familiar information integrate with the association areas of the frontal cortex (thoughts, planning, and decision), the temporal cortex (hearing) and the occipital lobe (eyesight) and wrote the novel from the perspective of a member of the geriatric patient’s family. Custom and familiar information are activated by the left frontal cortex, while unexperienced problems such as originality are related to the right hemisphere. The right frontal cortex is activated as a result. There is a 2ｘ2 rule to adjust the macro balance. I will resolve the problem by the use of dichotomy because the L format of the synergic metaphor consists of an ensemble.
　The writing brain of Commentaries of My Mother is that of the adaptive decision-making based on the narrator’s priority to avoid the risk of the breakup of his family. The male author prefers the dependent type of adaptive decision-making and his left hemisphere is utilized to deal with language information in conjunction with the activity of the left prefrontal area, which is activated off and on. When I consider the type of memory displayed in the novel from the database, while there are many long memories described, the narrator’s decision-making is the adaptive type based on his priority. Therefore, the operative recall is related to his working memory.

Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3

　The narrator’s mother turns the advanced old age of 89 years in the third part. In one incident, she wakes up, turns on a flashlight, and enters the room. She whispers to her granddaughter Yoshiko, that “she can’t go out anymore.” She thinks she is confined to the room. Immediately after she has had her breakfast, she assumes evening has come. The family is also pulled into her increasing wandering episodes. Her dementia becomes very serious and the life of her family is brought to the brink of collapse.
　The neuron nerve fibers in the brains of patients with dementia atrophy and the information cannot be transferred smoothly. In time, the neurons of the receptors will be damaged and information cannot be adequately communicated. The dietary intake of acetylcholine essentially becomes insufficient and communication areas and other symptoms of the disease manifest themselves. The type of dementia suffered by the author/narrator’s mother is Alzheimer’s disease. This is the most common form of dementia and the memory defects of not being able to remember experiences is often accompanied by abnormal behavior.
　If the output of the reading brain “dementia and adaptive ability” is put together with “memory and balance of association cortex” seen as the writing brain, the resulting synergic metaphor would come into effect. I will consider how to balance the brain as in the section that follows.　
　The balance of the brain is portrayed in various colors like the writing style and the idea of life and work also becomes training. The steering of neuron networks to combine the association cortex is dealt with by the frontal cortex. If I could find the general brain activity near the balance of the brain of Yasushi Inoue, I can assume a synergic metaphor such as “Yasushi Inoue and balance of association cortex.”
　
Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3

4　Commentaries of My Mother by Yasushi Inoue (1975)

　Yasushi Inoue’s (1907–1991) Commentaries of My Mother describes the illness and subsequent death of the author/narrator’s mother. The novel explores the trials and tribulations a family undergoes as it tries to support and care for a patient with dementia. Therefore, the output of reading becomes the combination of “dementia and adaptive ability.” This term then becomes the input signal and proceeds into the writing brain of the author through the information cognition. Yasushi Inoue’s narrative describes human relations and events with a lot of sensitivity and each scene can be visualized. The writing brain may be perceived as “memory and balance of association cortex.” Commentaries of My Mother can be divided into three parts depending on the degree of the severity of the author/narrator’s mother’s dementia.
　The first part introduces the initial symptoms of dementia. The protagonist’s mother is 80 years old and very forgetful. She says the same thing repeatedly. When she moves to her youngest daughter’s house, the symptoms are very active. She talks over and over again about the clever brothers of her relatives many times in one night. However such light dementia does not pose a great problem for her daily life.
　In the second part, the narrator’s mother is 85 years old and lives in her hometown. She repeatedly iterates the same thing as something new and the extraordinariness of her utterances explains the progress of her dementia. At this stage, an example of her dementia is the hallucination of the woman who asked for directions one summer in Karuisawa. There is also the episode where she wanders away on a moonlit night to look for her son. As her dementia advances to a medium degree of severity, communication with her becomes difficult.　

Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3

Table 3

Comparative items Men Women
Adaptive decision-making They like the dependent type. They like the independent type.
Situation-dependent decision-making Left prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left posterior cortex (parietal cortex) activates.
Situation-independent decision-making Right prefrontal cortex activates. Right and left prefrontal cortex activates.
Function of cerebral cortex Right and left brain differs remarkably. Anterior and posterior brain differs remarkably.
Processing of language information Anterior and posterior portions of left hemisphere activate. Right and left frontal cortex of cerebral hemisphere activates.
Connections within the brain White matter fiber bundle to bind the anterior and posterior portions of a hemisphere is large; the functional integrity of a hemisphere is particularly noteworthy. Callosum to bind right and left brain is heavy and the functional integrity of a hemisphere is distinctly noticeable.

　I presume that the right and left prefrontal cortex activated when Gordimer wrote The Late Bourgeois World because this opinion can solidify the accepted reading of “space and time.”
　The output of the reading brain in terms of “space and time” becomes an adaptive ability through motivation. It leads to the far-sighted risk avoidance by activating an author’s comprehensive capacity for actions such as understanding, thought, and judgment. The accepted vertical in the L model of Gordimer’s story becomes language and literature → language cognition → space and time. The horizontal symbiosis becomes space and time → information cognition → motivation and adaptive ability. The synergic metaphor “Gordimer and motivation” is obtained from these terms. Considering the sort of memory derived from the created database, Max’s reminiscence is seen in each scene, and the novel contains a lot of episodic memories.

シナジーのメタファー3

　When Gordimer explains insurmountable mental conditions, she uses medical expressions to resolve the problem. Mental arteriosclerosis or a narrow and rigid mentality pollutes the living quarters of the white people. As a result, all the people of South Africa are subject to the vagaries of such an attitude. The output of the reading brain named “space and time” to express an infinite state bounded by the politics and laws of South Africa of that time interacts with the combination of the writing brain consisting of the motivation for a new regime and the adaptive ability to prevent mental arteriosclerosis.
　Max tried avoiding risk in order to prevent mental arteriosclerosis. When he made the speech at his sister’s wedding ceremony, a hedonic neurotransmitter dopamine was secreted into the frontal cortex of his brain and the signal was introduced into the brain stem through the interbrain. In this scene, the working memory to forecast the future is stronger than the long-term memory of his sister, therefore the writing brain of Gordimer uses the frontal cortex.
　The decision-making that can be seen as the function of the frontal cortex divides into the type of determinism for truth and the adaptive kind based on the data. Both Gordimer’s and Max’s motivation is the latter form (anti-apartheid). If the adaptive decision-making process has a favorable balance of situations of dependent and independent types, there is no problem. But this does not necessarily occur. In terms of groups, women like the independent type and men like the dependent type of woman. If there is not much variation, the independent type is better. If the situation is unstable, the dependent type is better. The endless situation does not have much change, therefore the independent type is better. But there is some distinction between the sexes in the function of frontal cortex.

Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3

3　“The Late Bourgeois World” of Gordimer (1964)

　Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) asked herself how white people could be engaged in the anti-apartheid movement to set out the dissolution of a white society in South Africa. She felt critical about the current status of her home country and wanted to reverse the social trend. She was motivated to involve in the ongoing revolution in some form. I will focus on “motivation and adaptive ability” and consider this the writing brain of Gordimer because such brain activity of an author may be seen as a far-sighted risk avoidance strategy for South Africa.
　In the early 60s when Gordimer wrote The Late Bourgeois World, South Africa was practicing apartheid. The segregated regime was symbolized by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd (incumbency 1958–1966). In this rigidly stratified society, people could not exert their adaptive ability under any circumstances. Their mental motivation became stronger by necessity.
　The role of the frontal cortex is worth noticing here as the area of brain activity that involves planning and decision-making. The frontal cortex has a reciprocal relationship with other association areas such as the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe and has strong links with the amygdala to make judgments with regard to the hypothalamic area and emotions.
　The Late Bourgeois World contains the narrative of the day the protagonist and her family come to know about the death of her husband, Max. Characters include the protagonist, her demented grandmother, her son Bobo (an elementary school age child), Max’s parents, his sister and her husband, the advocate Graham, and a carrier named Luke. They remember Max in each scene and his behavior is described as the motivation of a white person related to the anti-apartheid revolution in South Africa of that time.
　In the African Resistance Movement, besides the African National Congress and the Bolshevik Pan-African Conference, white people opposed to segregation also committed acts of sabotage. Activists were arrested in simultaneous raids in July of 1964. The activity of the African Resistance Movement came to light from the documents and statements in the possession of those detained. Max, who changed jobs very frequently, belonged to a group of white sympathizers of the movement who took part in the disruption. He was caught and brought to trial.
　An adjustment disorder is caused by an important life change and a stressful existence. Intense personal events such as school attendance, employment, moving, marriage, divorce, unemployment, and severe illness among others, become the antecedents to the ailment. Max’s marriage/divorce and employment/unemployment went wrong because he formed links with the underground organization. Max was incapable of adjusting to society and finally, he selected death.

Hanamura（2018）”How to make a synergic metaphor”より translated by Yoshihisa Hanamura

シナジーのメタファー3